A Regularity Measure for Context Free Grammars

Parikh’s theorem states that every Context Free Language (CFL) has the same Parikh image as that of a regular language. A finite state automaton accepting such a regular language is called a Parikh-equivalent automaton. In the worst case, the number of states in any non-deterministic Parikh-equivalent automaton is exponentially large in the size of the Context Free Grammar (CFG). We associate a regularity width d with a CFG that measures the closeness of the CFL with regular languages. The degree m of a CFG is one less than the maximum number of variable occurrences in the right hand side of any production. Given a CFG with n variables, we construct a Parikh-equivalent non-deterministic automaton whose number of states is upper bounded by a polynomial in n(d), the degree of the polynomial being a small fixed constant. Our procedure is constructive and runs in time polynomial in the size of the automaton. In the terminology of parameterized complexity, we prove that constructing a Parikh-equivalent automaton for a given CFG is Fixed Parameter Tractable (Fpt) when the degree m and regularity width d are parameters. We also give an example from program verification domain where the degree and regularity are small compared to the size of the grammar.